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Everything You Want To Know About Monoclonal Antibodies

October 21, 2022 Filed Under: Health & Wellness

Immunotherapy has been used in the treatment of disease for over a century now. The idea or concept of using a patient’s immune system to provide targeted therapy in the treatment of disease dates back to experiments conducted by von Behring and Kitasato in 1890. Their groundbreaking research determined that immunity to infectious diseases could be transferred through a serum transfusion, thus coining the term passive serotherapy. 

In 1895, the first application of passive serotherapy in the treatment of cancer was performed by Hericourt and Richet. During their experiments, they immunized dogs with human sarcoma, and transferred the serum to cancer patients in an effort to provide cancer immunity. While it’s been more than 100 years since the first cancer immunotherapy trial, the FDA only recently approved the first monoclonal antibody to be used in cancer treatment. 

Fast forward to today, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are considered to be the fastest and most promising class of new therapeutic agents used in the treatment of all manner of health conditions. While many predicted and appreciated the therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies over the past century, it was not until 1975 when Kohler and Milstein developed mouse hybridoma technology that the ability to produce monoclonal antibodies and direct them against a specific target antigen became a reality for doctors and patients alike.

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy refers to treatment with monoclonal antibodies with the goal of suppressing immune function, destroying target cells or to treating specific inflammatory diseases like Rheumatoid Arthritis. Monoclonal antibodies with clinical implications can be divided into the following categories: murine monoclonal antibodies, humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies and human antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies have multiple uses in health care, as noted by the table below.

It is worth noting that ⅔ of the mAb products in use today are used for transplant rejection, cancer, antiviral prophylaxis, antithrombotic treatments, autoimmune diseases and various infectious diseases. For example, Edrecolomab is used to treat solid tumors in cancer patients. Enlimomab is used to ameliorate and mitigate against organ transplant rejection. Infliximab is frequently used as therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis and Crohn’s Disease. 

Additional examples include: OKT3 is used to prevent organ transplant rejection. Palivizumab is used to treat RSV (respiratory syncytial virus). Rituximab is commonly employed in the treatment of various forms of leukemia and lymphoma. Rhumabvegf is used to treat solid tumors in many types of cancer. Transtuzumab is used to treat patients that have been diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer.

The table below provides a summary of all of the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in use today, including details on their targeted antigens and the various health conditions they used to treat or prevent:

Antibody NameTarget AntigenCondition Treated or Prevented
Abciximab (ReoPro)Glycoprotein IIbIIIareceptorComplications of coronary angioplasty
ABX-CBLCD147GVHD
ABX-EGFEGFrEGF-dependent human tumor
ABX-IL8IL-8Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis
AcuTectDiagnosis of acute venous thrombosis
Adalimumab (Humira)TNFRheumatoid arthritis
AFP-ScanAFPDetection of liver and germ cell cancers
Alemtuzumab (Campath)CD52B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple sclerosis, kidney transplant rejection
Apolizumab (Remitogen)1D10 antigenB cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, solid tumors
Arcitumomab (CEA-Scan) technetium-99m labeledCarcinoembryonic antigenPresence, location and detection of recurrent and metastatic colorectal cancer
Anti-CD11a hu1 124CD11aPsoriasis
Basiliximab (Simulect)CD25 (IL-2 receptor)Allograft rejection
BectumomabNon-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Bevacizumab (Avastin)VEGFMetastatic renal cell carcinoma
CapromahPendetide (Prostascint) indium-111 labeledProstate membrane specific antigen (PMSA)Radioimmunoscintigraphy for prostate cancer
CetuximabEGFrHead and neck, breast, pancreatic, colorectal cancers
CEACideCarcinoembryonic antigenColorectal cancer
Daclizumab (Zenapax)CD25 (IL-2 receptor)Allograft rejection
Edrecolomab (Panorex)17-1A cell surface antigenColorectal cancer
Efalizumab (Xanelim)CD11aRheumatoid arthritis
EnlimomabCD54 (ICAM-1)Organ transplant rejection
Epratuzumab (LymphoCide)CD22Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Gemtuzumabozogamicin MylotargCD33 calicheamicinAcute myeloid leukemia
Hu23F2G (LeukArrest)CD11/18 (leukointegrin)Ischemic stroke
Hu1124CD11aPsoriasis
Ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin)CD20B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Igovomab (Indimacis 125)Tumor-associated antigen CA125Detection of ovarian adenocarcinoma
Imciromab pentetate (Myoscint)Human cardiac myosinMyocardial infarction imaging
IMC-C225 (ERBITUX)EGFREGF-dependent human tumor
Infliximab (Remicade)TNF-αCrohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis
InolimomabIL-2 receptorOrgan transplant rejection
LDP-01β2 integrinStroke, kidney transplant rejection
LDP-02α4β7 integrin receptorCrohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis
LeuTech 99cTc-Anti-CD15 anti-granulocyte antibodyCD15Imaging infection sites
LerdelimumabTGFb2Glaucoma, cataract
Lym-1 yttrium-90 labeledHLA-DRNon-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
LymphoScanCD22Detection of B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
MAK-195FTNF-αHyperinflammatory response in sepsis syndrome
MDX-33CD64Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura
MDX-H210Bispecific HER2 × CD64Breast, colorectal, kidney, ovarian, prostate cancers
MDX-447Bispecific EGFR × CD64Head, neck, renal cancers
Mitumomab (BEC2)GD3-idiotypicSmall cell lung cancer, melanoma
Muromonab (Orthoclone OKT3)CD3Allograft rejection
Natalizumab (Antegren)α-4 integrin (VLA-4)Multiple sclerosis, Crohn’s disease
Nebacumab (Centoxin)Bacterial endotoxinsGram-negative bacteria sepsis
Nofetumomab (Verluma)Carcinoma-associated antigenDetection of small cell lung cancer
OctreoScan indium-111 labeledSomatostatin receptorImmunoscintigraphic localization of primary and metastatic neuroendocrine tumors that contain somatostatin receptors
Olizuma, rhuMAb-E25Ig-EAllergic asthma, allergic rhinitis
Oncolym (131Lym-1) iodine-131 labeledHLA-DAB cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Omalizumab (Xolair)IgEAllergic asthma, allergic rhinitis
Oregovomab (OvaRex)Tumor-associated antigen CA125Ovarian cancer
ORTHOCLONE OKT4ACD4CD4-mediated autoimmune diseases, allograft rejection
Palivizumab (Synagis)Antigenic site of the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus (F gp)Respiratory syncytial virus infection
Pexelizumab (5G1.1-SC)Complement C5AMI, UA, CPB, PTCA
PriliximabCD4Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis
RegavirumabCytomegalovirus (CMV)Acute CMV disease
Rituximab (Rituxan)CD20Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Satumomab pendetide (OncoScint CR/OV)Tumor-associated glycoprotein-72Detection of colorectal and ovarian cancers
Sevirumab (Protovir)Cytomegalovirus (CMV)Prevention of CMV infection in bone marrow transplant patients
Siplizumab (MEDI-507)CD2Acute GVHD, psoriatic arthritis
Smart M195CD33Acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome
Sulesomab (LeukoScan) technetium-99m labeledSurface granulocyte nonspecific cross-reacting antigenDetection of osteomyelitis, acute atypical appendicitis
Tecnemab K1High molecular weight melanoma-associated antigenDiagnosis of cutaneous melanoma lesions
Tositumomab (Bexxar), iodine-131 attachedB cell surface proteinNon-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Trastuzumab (Herceptin)Her2/neuHer2 positive metastatic breast cancer
Visilizumab (Nuvion, Smart anti-CD3)CD3GVHD, ulcerative colitis
Vitaxinαvβ3 integrinSolid tumors
Votumumab (Humaspect)Cytokeratin tumor-associated antigenDetection of carcinoma of colon and rectum
YM-337GPIIb/IIIaPrevention of platelet aggregation
ZolimomabCD5, ricin A-chain toxinGVHD

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